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This area includes ancient and modern lands like Greece, Italy, Sicily, Crete, and the Balkans. This region includes France (Gaul), […]

The Tigris and Euphrates Rivers anchored this area, featuring fertile plains and annual flooding. This narrow coastline strip runs along […]

The region encompasses the vast, cold Siberian taiga and the immense, flat Eurasian Steppe grasslands. Defined by arid deserts and […]

The Mediterranean coast, Atlas Mountains, and the Nile River Valley. The Sahel grassland stretching down to the tropical forests of […]

Inca Empire (Tawantinsuyu). Major construction and occupation: c. 1440 CE – 1536 CE (Imperial Period). Sacred Valley of the Incas, […]

Rapa Nui (Polynesian). Built primarily between 1000 and 1500 CE (Middle Period). Southeastern Pacific Ocean, approximately 3,700 km (2,300 miles) […]

Maya and Maya-Toltec. Major occupation from the Late Classic (c. 600 CE) through the Early Postclassic (c. 1200 CE). Northern […]

Khmer Empire. Constructed c. 1113–1150 CE (during the reign of Suryavarman II). Northwest Cambodia, near the modern town of Siem […]

Inca Empire (Tawantinsuyu). Constructed c. 1450 CE (Abandoned c. 1572 CE). Eastern Cordillera of the Andes, above the Urubamba River […]

Nazca Culture (with some earlier Paracas influence). c. 500 BCE – 500 CE (Nazca culture flourished c. 1–700 CE). Peruvian […]

Chimú Kingdom (Chimor) c. 850 AD – 1470 AD (Peak c. 1300–1470 AD) Moche Valley, North Coast of Peru (near […]

Nzinga Mbande, also known as Queen Nzinga or Ana de Sousa Nzinga Mbande, stands as a towering figure of resistance […]