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Ancient Games, Sport and Activities

14–20 minutes
Ancient Games

“Ancient Games”


The structural remains of the ancient world demonstrate that athletic competition was the cornerstone of communal life, requiring a total mastery of the human frame. These Ancient Games, Sport and Activities served as a standardized metric for assessing a civilization’s readiness for environmental and military challenges. From the colossal amphitheaters of Rome to the sun-baked dust of the Nile wrestling pits, every movement was a calculated effort to push the boundaries of terrestrial performance.

The archaeological and literary record of human civilization confirms that Ancient Games, Sport and Activities were never mere pastimes, but rather a sophisticated biocultural technology designed to engineer peak physiological and strategic readiness. From the sand-strewn palaestrae of the Mediterranean to the stepped limestone ball courts of Mesoamerica, ancestral movement was defined by a rigorous pursuit of “arete”—the total fulfillment of potential through struggle.

The Visuals of Strategy – Archaeological evidence provides an undeniable record of how Ancient Games, Sport and Activities occupied a central place in the ancient mind. We observe this in the carved stone game boards found in the tombs of the Nile and the intricate gaming pieces unearthed in the Viking North. These artifacts represent the specialized infrastructure of human intelligence, where the mind was tested against the limits of logic and probability.

The Command of Logic: Homeostasis through Mental Play – The reality within these Ancient Games, Sport and Activities is the transition from random thought to calculated discipline. While modern paradigms often view board games as simple entertainment, ancient protocols were radically systemic, viewing the player’s performance as a direct reflection of their capacity for leadership and resource management. Success in these trials identified a person’s ability to remain calm under pressure and maintain focus during crisis.

Fact: The Archive of Intellectual Movement – Historical data proves that the resilience of a civilization was directly proportional to the clarity of its strategic codes. Every major culture maintained a tradition of mental competition to act as a guardian of the collective intellectual standard. This reality recognizes that the rise of high-density civilization was only possible through the application of Ancient Games, Sport and Activities, ensuring that the human drive for excellence remained the primary engine of cultural success.

Did you know?

Historical records of Ancient Games, Sport and Activities reveal bizarre and lethal realities that defy modern sensibilities. In the Greek Pankration, fighters were known to endure broken bones and strangulation rather than surrender, while in the Roman Circus, chariot racers like Gaius Appuleius Diocles earned fortunes that would exceed the career earnings of any modern billionaire. Perhaps most striking is the Mesoamerican ball game, where players utilized solid rubber balls so heavy they could cause internal hemorrhaging upon impact, yet the game remained a sacred centerpiece of their theological and political identity.

Ancient Games

Combat Arts & Kinetic Domination

Combat traditions represented the most visceral application of Ancient Games, Sport and Activities, demanding that the body operate as a high-precision weapon. These disciplines were built upon the lethal geometry of the strike and the complex leverage of the clinch, forcing practitioners to navigate high-stakes physical conflict with analytical calm. Whether in the wrestling schools of the Pharaohs or the Agoge of Sparta, combat was the ultimate filter for identifying the most capable defenders of the social order.

  • Greek Pankration (Hybrid Combat)
  • Ancient Egyptian Wrestling (Nabuta)
  • Chinese Shuai Jiao (Grappling)
  • Indian Pehlwani (House of Strength)
  • Roman Gladiatorial Drills (Weaponry)
  • Japanese Sumo (Stability and Mass)
  • Persian Varzesh-e Bastani (Ritual Strength)
  • Ancient Boxing (Homeric Pugilism)
  • Thracian Peltast Drills (Agility)
  • Mayan Warrior Conditioning (Endurance)
  • African Stick Fighting (Coordination)
  • Celtic Hurling Combat Drills
  • Mongol Horsemanship and Archery
  • Siamese Muay Boran (Eight Limbs)
  • Viking Glima (Folk Wrestling)
  • Spartan Agoge (Systemic Hardening)
  • Korean Subak (Foot Techniques)
  • Maori Haka (Rhythmic Neurological Priming)
  • Byzantine Fencing (Logic and Reflex)
  • Mesopotamian Chariot Racing (Core Stability)
  • Tibetan Wrestling (Lue)
  • Aztec Eagle Scout Training (Stealth and Power)
  • Polynesian Ocean Navigation Drills
  • Java Silat (Fluid Dynamics)
  • Burmese Bando (Animal Mimicry)
  • Savate Ancestry (Old World Kickboxing)

Ancient Games

Rhythmic Movement & Breath-Centered Play

The synchronization of respiratory cycles with percussive movement defined the rhythmic mastery found within Ancient Games, Sport and Activities. Movement was rarely silent; it was governed by the cadence of the drum and the chant, ensuring that large groups could move with singular, predatory efficiency. These traditions, such as the Greek Pyrrhic war dance or the Indian Kalaripayattu, utilized rhythmic entrainment to sharpen proprioception and neurological timing.

  • Ancient Greek Pyrrhic Dance (War Dance)
  • Vedic Sun Salutations (Surya Namaskar)
  • Chinese Tai Chi (Shadow Boxing)
  • Sufi Whirling (Vestibular Calibration)
  • Egyptian Sistrum Dance (Rhythmic Alignment)
  • Indian Kalaripayattu (Fluidity and Breath)
  • Native American Hoop Dancing (Symbolic Play)
  • Roman Saltatio (Rhythmic Jumping)
  • African Polyrhythmic Percussive Dance
  • Incan Sun Festivals (Lunar and Solar Timing)
  • Australian Aboriginal Walkabout Play
  • Nordic Folk Dance (Thermal Regulation)
  • Tibetan Cham Dance (Breath Coordination)
  • Mayan Ritual Ballgame Preliminaries
  • Hebrew Choral Dancing (Communal Harmony)
  • Indonesian Pendet (Eye and Finger Reflexes)
  • Spanish Flamenco Ancestry (Stomping/Bone Loading)
  • Aboriginal Corroboree (Systemic Integration)
  • Polynesian Hula (Lower Body Endurance)
  • Celtic Ceili (Social and Aerobic Health)
  • Japanese Butoh Precursors (Slow Movement)
  • Indian Classical Mudra Dance
  • Central Asian Throat Singing and Movement
  • Ancient Whistling Languages (Respiratory Health)
  • Synchronized Swimming in Ancient Thermal Baths
  • Rhythmic Gymnastics with Wands and Ribbons

Ancient Games

Ball Games & Cooperative Strategy

Strategic cooperation on the field transformed individuals into a singular, high-functioning organism through Ancient Games, Sport and Activities. These team-based trials required players to process rapid-fire variables while operating at peak cardiovascular capacity. From the Chinese game of Cuju to the predecessor of Lacrosse in North America, these games established a complex language of non-verbal communication and tactical positioning that mirrored the demands of large-scale maneuver warfare.

  • Mesoamerican Pitz (The Rubber Ball Game)
  • Chinese Cuju (Ancient Soccer)
  • Roman Harpastum (Small Ball Rugby)
  • Greek Episkyros (Team Ball Game)
  • Native American Lacrosse (The Creator’s Game)
  • Japanese Kemari (Cooperative Keep-Away)
  • Medieval Mob Football (Endurance)
  • Mayan Ulama (Hip-Striking Ball Game)
  • Ancient Egyptian “Seega” (Strategy/Movement)
  • Florentine Calcio Storico (Ancient Football)
  • Persian Polo (Chovgan)
  • French Jeu de Paume (Tennis Ancestry)
  • Irish Hurling (High-Speed Coordination)
  • Afghan Buzkashi (Equestrian Strategy)
  • Incan Ball and Hoop Games
  • African Stone and Ball Toss Games
  • Polynesian Surf Riding (Balance and Fluidity)
  • Ancient Swimming Races and Water Polo
  • Snowball Games in Arctic Cultures (Cold Exposure)
  • Stick and Ball Games of the Steppe
  • Team Rowing and Galley Drills (Synchronization)
  • Mountain Climbing as Competitive Play
  • Tug-of-War (Isometric Group Strength)
  • Relays and Message-Runner Competitions
  • Disc-Tossing and Precision Accuracy Games
  • Ancient Bowling and Skittle Variations

Ancient Games

Aquatic Excellence & Thermal Adaptation

Ancestral cultures utilized the water as a high-resistance environment for testing the limits of human buoyancy and lung capacity. These Ancient Games, Sport and Activities included long-distance river swims, deep-sea diving for resources, and thermal shock drills in ice-bound waters. Mastering the aquatic domain required a radical recalibration of the breath and a specialized understanding of fluid dynamics, as seen in the pearl-diving traditions of the Pacific or the naval drills of the Mediterranean.

  • Nile River Long-Distance Swimming
  • Polynesian Deep-Sea Diving (Breathwork)
  • Roman Thermal Bath Wrestling (Resistance)
  • Ancient Greek Diving for Sponges (Lung Capacity)
  • Incan High-Altitude Lake Races
  • Nordic Ice-Hole Swimming (Cold Shock)
  • Japanese Ama Diver Training (Endurance)
  • African River Canoe Racing (Core Power)
  • Viking Ship Boarding Drills (Agility)
  • Mesoamerican Cenote Swimming Trials
  • Ancient Indian River Crossing Games
  • Mediterranean Water Polo Ancestry
  • Mesopotamian Reed Raft Navigation
  • Chinese Dragon Boat Racing (Sync)
  • Australian Aboriginal Coastal Foraging Games
  • Southeast Asian Tidal Flat Running
  • Ancient Hebrew Harbor Defense Drills
  • Celtic Coastal Cliff Jumping
  • Persian Underwater Bell Retrieval
  • Interscholastic Swimming Matches (Greco-Roman)
  • Breath-Holding for Marine Observation
  • Hydro-Resistance Weight Carrying
  • Thermal Spring Recovery Rituals
  • Aquatic Buoyancy Coordination Drills
  • Wave-Riding and Coastal Stability
  • Waterborne Archery and Balance Tests

Ancient Games

Aerobic Endurance & Long-Distance Transit

The ability to traverse vast distances across broken terrain was the primary metric for the “Long Path” of Ancient Games, Sport and Activities. Endurance was codified into sacred festivals and military trials, such as the Incan messenger relays or the Greek dolichos race. These events proved that the human engine could optimize its fuel utilization over days of exertion, turning the act of running into a profound demonstration of territorial dominance.

  • Greek Pheidippides Runs (Marathon Roots)
  • Incan Chasqui Messenger Relays
  • Tarahumara Raramuri Running (Endurance)
  • Roman Infantry Forced-March Races
  • Egyptian Pharaoh’s Jubilee Run (Heb Sed)
  • Persian Horse-and-Foot Messenger Races
  • Native American Cross-Country Ball Games
  • Spartan Mountain Endurance Training
  • Mongol Long-Distance Cavalry Raids
  • Japanese Marathon Monks (Kaihyogyo)
  • Australian Aboriginal Songline Running
  • African Savannah Persistence Tracking Play
  • Nordic Skiing and Snowshoe Races
  • Celtic Hill-Running Competitions
  • Tibetan High-Altitude Pilgrim Races
  • Polynesian Island-Crossing Paddling
  • Aztec Messenger Speed Trials
  • Arabian Desert Camel-Leading Races
  • Himalayan Mountain Pass Competitions
  • Medieval Pilgrimage Speed Challenges
  • Ancient Chinese Courier Network Drills
  • Bedouin Sand-Dune Endurance Sprints
  • Southeast Asian Jungle Trail Running
  • Roman Chariot Endurance Circuits
  • Ancestral Migration Reenactment Games

Ancient Games

Precision Skill & Sensory Integration

Beyond raw power, Ancient Games, Sport and Activities demanded the absolute calibration of the senses through high-stakes accuracy challenges. The mastery of the sling, the bow, and the throwing disc required a state of total neural coherence where the eye and the hand acted in perfect unison. These skill-based games, like the Scythian archery trials or the Balearic slinging contests, ensured that a civilization’s defensive capabilities were as refined as they were powerful.

  • Scythian Archery (Precision/Focus)
  • Balearic Slinging (Velocity/Accuracy)
  • Greek Javelin Throwing (Torque/Targeting)
  • Roman Pilum Precision Drills
  • Chinese Touhu (Arrow-In-Vase Game)
  • Japanese Kyudo (Zen Archery)
  • Celtic Axe-Throwing Competitions
  • Incan Sling-Shot Hunting Games
  • African Spear-Throwing Accuracy Tests
  • Polynesian Harpoon Casting
  • Australian Boomerang Return Skills
  • Medieval Archery Longbow Trials
  • Ancient Persian Dart Tossing
  • Nordic Knife-Throwing Game
  • Tibetan Stone-Throwing Contests
  • Indian Gulli Danda (Precision Hitting)
  • Mesoamerican Atlatl Throwing
  • Roman Disc-Tossing for Distance and Accuracy
  • Mongolian Archery on Horseback
  • Arabian Falconry (Sensory Coordination)
  • Ancient Bowling and Stone Sliding
  • Stick-Hoop Rolling and Precision Control
  • Blindfold Navigation and Sound Tracking
  • Geometric Stone-Stacking Competitions
  • Traditional Marbles and Small-Object Flicking

Ancient Games

The Olympic Curriculum

The Olympic program functioned as the supreme auditor of the human frame, providing a standardized curriculum for Ancient Games, Sport and Activities. Every event, from the armored hoplitodromos to the explosive stadion sprint, was designed to reveal specific biomechanical strengths and weaknesses. The Games served as a temporary suspension of conflict, allowing for a pure forensic assessment of which city-state had most effectively engineered its athletic population.

  • The Stadion (192-meter Sprint)
  • The Diaulos (Double-length Sprint)
  • The Dolichos (Long-distance Endurance Race)
  • The Hoplitodromos (Race in Full Infantry Armor)
  • The Pentathlon (The Ultimate Multi-discipline Test)
  • Long Jump using Halteres (Weighted Jumping)
  • Javelin Throw for Distance (Akontion)
  • Discus Throw (Solos)
  • Pale (Upright Wrestling)
  • Pankration (Total Combat / No-holds-barred)
  • Pygmachia (Ancient Boxing with Leather Cestus)
  • Tethrippon (Four-horse Chariot Race)
  • Synoris (Two-horse Chariot Race)
  • Keles (Horse Racing with Riders)
  • The Apene (Mule-cart Racing)
  • The Kalpe (Race for Mares)
  • Boys’ Stadion (Youth Sprinting)
  • Boys’ Wrestling (Youth Grappling)
  • Boys’ Boxing (Youth Combat)
  • The Trumpeters’ Contest (Lung Capacity and Volume)
  • The Heralds’ Contest (Clarity and Vocal Strength)
  • Chariot Racing for Foals
  • The Armed Race for Youth (Hoplite Junior)
  • The Decathlon Precursors (Combined Skill Sets)
  • Long-distance Courier Trials
  • Ritual Torch Relays (Prometheia)

Strength Feats & Heavy Stone Loading

The mastery of external resistance through stone lifting represents the most primal form of Ancient Games, Sport and Activities. Unlike modern weightlifting with balanced bars, ancient strength trials involved awkward, non-uniform loads that tested grip strength and spinal stability. These “Manhood Stones” and “Power Stones” served as geographic markers of strength, requiring the athlete to move massive weight through sheer force of will and skeletal integrity.

  • The Bybon Stone Lift (143kg overhead)
  • Icelandic Lifting Stones (Fullsterkur)
  • Scottish Manhood Stones (Clach-Cuid-Fir)
  • Basque Stone Lifting (Harri-jasotze)
  • Japanese Power Stones (Chikaraishi)
  • Ancient Egyptian Sandbag Carrying
  • Roman Military Log Presses
  • Persian Heavy Club Swinging (Meels)
  • Nordic Boulder Shoving
  • Indian Stone Ring Lifting (Nali)
  • Mesoamerican Heavy Stone Carrying
  • African Rock Putting (Shot Put Ancestry)
  • South Sea Island Coral Lifting
  • Tibetan Stone Lugging
  • Ancient Greek Haltere Swings
  • Chinese Strength Cauldrons (Ding Lifting)
  • Viking Anchor Drags
  • Highland Log Tossing (Caber Toss)
  • Medieval Stone Putting
  • Mesopotamian Heavy Sack Sprints
  • Incan Quarry Stone Hauling Races
  • Australian Aboriginal Heavy Wood Drags
  • Thai Elephant Girding (Functional Pulling)
  • Mediterranean Heavy Net Hauling
  • Steppe Nomad Horse Lifting
  • Ancient Wrestling-Stone Gripping

Aerial, Arboreal & Vertical Movement

Navigating the vertical dimension was a specialized branch of Ancient Games, Sport and Activities that focused on suspension and climbing. Whether scaling stone fortifications, climbing masts in ancient navies, or leaping between trees in the rainforest, these activities demanded extreme upper-body pull-strength and core stability. This vertical mastery allowed ancient populations to utilize the terrain as both a weapon and a shield.

  • Minoan Rope Climbing (Aerial Loops)
  • Incan Suspension Bridge Maintenance Play
  • Indian Pole Gymnastics (Mallakhamba)
  • Polynesian Palm Tree Sprints
  • Ancient Greek Rope Ascents (Klimax)
  • Southeast Asian Bamboo Pole Climbing
  • Nordic Mast Climbing Games
  • African Baobab Scaling
  • Japanese Ninja Wall-Scaling (Parkour)
  • Mayan Temple Stair Sprints
  • Australian Aboriginal Tree-Hole Climbing
  • Mediterranean Cliff-Side Navigation
  • Medieval Castle Siege Drills
  • Amazonian Canopy Traversal
  • Himalayan Rock-Face Bouldering
  • Ancient Chinese Pole Balancing
  • Roman Siege Ladder Sprints
  • Pacific Island Cliff Diving (Acrobatic Descent)
  • Arctic Ice-Wall Climbing
  • Steppe Nomad Chariot Vaulting
  • Ancient Egyptian Column Scaling
  • Tibetan Monastery Stair Endurance
  • Forest Canopy Swinging and Leaping
  • Underground Cavern Navigation
  • Rigging Drills in Ancient Navies

Developmental Play & Youth Athletics

Kinetic literacy began in early childhood through Ancient Games, Sport and Activities designed to program the nervous system for the rigors of adulthood. Games such as hoop-rolling, wrestling, and high-speed tag served as the foundational layer of athletic development. These youth activities ensured that the transition to adult combat or labor was seamless, as the child’s body was already accustomed to high-intensity movement and cooperative play.

  • Hoop and Stick Racing (Trochos)
  • Ancient Greek Seesawing (Aiora)
  • Mesopotamian Spinning Tops
  • Roman Knucklebones (Astragaloi)
  • Egyptian Tug-of-War (Cooperation)
  • Chinese Shuttlecock (Ti Jian Zi)
  • Native American Stickball (Youth version)
  • African Rock-Hopping Games
  • Nordic Wrestling for Juveniles
  • Incan Balance Beam Play
  • Polynesian Swimming Races (Youth)
  • Australian Aboriginal Tracking Games
  • Ancient Indian Tag (Kho-Kho)
  • Persian Archery for Children
  • Greek Hide and Seek (Apodidraskinda)
  • Mayan Mini-Ballgame Drills
  • Roman Wooden Sword Drills
  • Steppe Nomad Pony Riding (Toddler stage)
  • Tibetan Snow-Sliding
  • Ancient Hebrew Stone Skipping
  • Southeast Asian Sepak Takraw (Youth)
  • Medieval Blind Man’s Buff
  • Celtic Leap-Frog (Acrobatic Prep)
  • Mediterranean Kite Flying (Wind Resistance)
  • Ancient Egyptian Marbles and Aiming

Strategic Board Games & Cognitive Mapping

The “Mental Gymnasium” of Ancient Games, Sport and Activities utilized board games to simulate the complexities of resource management and tactical conflict. Games like Senet, Go, and Hnefatafl were sophisticated strategic laboratories where players practiced the art of the siege and the capture. This mental play ensured that the intelligence of the citizen was as well-conditioned as their physique, allowing for the simulation of high-stakes scenarios without the risk of physical injury.

  • Egyptian Senet (The Game of Passing)
  • Mesopotamian Royal Game of Ur (The Game of Twenty Squares)
  • Chinese Go (Weiqi – Strategy of Territorial Control)
  • Indian Chaturanga (The Direct Ancestor of Chess)
  • Roman Ludus Latrunculorum (The Game of Mercenaries)
  • Greek Petteia (A Game of Strategic Siege)
  • Viking Hnefatafl (The King’s Table – Asymmetric War)
  • African Mancala (Sowing and Reaping Logic)
  • Aztec Patolli (A Game of Ritual and Risk)
  • Chinese Xiangqi (Chinese Chess)
  • Japanese Shogi (The General’s Game)
  • Ancient Hebrew Games of Logic
  • Tibetan Sho (Dice and Strategy)
  • Roman Duodecim Scripta (Twelve Lines)
  • Persian Nard (The Precursor to Backgammon)
  • Korean Yut Nori (The Board Game of the Four Directions)
  • Celtic Brandub (The Black Raven Game)
  • Southeast Asian Tiger Games (Hunted and Hunter)
  • Medieval Nine Men’s Morris (The Game of Mills)
  • Ancient Egyptian Mehen (The Game of the Snake)
  • Indian Pachisi (The Royal Game of Cross and Circle)
  • Greek Knucklebones (Probability and Reflex)
  • Mongolian Shagai (Astragalus Bone Games)
  • Polynesian Stone Tracking Games
  • Incan Yupana (Mathematical Calculation Play)
  • Logic Puzzles of the Islamic Golden Age

Leisure & Coordination Activities

Recreational pursuits in the ancient world were often centered on precision and coordination rather than passive rest. These Ancient Games, Sport and Activities included bowling, marbles, and bone-tossing, which maintained hand-eye coordination during periods of low physical exertion. These activities allowed for the practice of “Stillness in Action,” where the mind stayed focused on a singular objective, refining the fine motor skills required for crafts and weaponry.

  • Ancient Bowling (Skittles and Pins)
  • Greek Trochos (Hoop Rolling for Precision)
  • Roman Tali (Tossing Bones for Accuracy)
  • Egyptian Marbles (Polished Stone Aiming)
  • Chinese Cuju (Recreational Juggling with the Feet)
  • Indian Gulli Danda (Tip-cat Accuracy)
  • African Rock-Skipping Competitions
  • Celtic Stone Sliding (Early Curling Ancestry)
  • Japanese Kemari (Cooperative Keep-Up)
  • Nordic Knife-Flipping for Placement
  • Native American Hand-Games (Intuition and Deception)
  • Incan Slinging for Stationary Targets
  • Polynesian Shell-Tossing Games
  • Australian Aboriginal Boomerang Retrieval
  • Southeast Asian Sepak Takraw (Non-competitive Circle Play)
  • Medieval Archery for Target Precision
  • Ancient Persian Dart Tossing
  • Mediterranean Coin or Stone Pitching
  • Himalayan Pebble Stacking (Balance Mastery)
  • Arctic String Games (Cat’s Cradle – Digital Agility)
  • Mesoamerican Spinning Tops (Tactile Control)
  • Steppe Nomad Horse-Mounted Target Snatching
  • Forest Canopy Traversal for Foraging Speed
  • Ancient Swimming Races for Accuracy
  • Breath-Holding for Shell Collection
  • Cognitive Coherence via precision practice

Intellectual Contests

In the public squares of high-density civilizations, the ultimate arena for Ancient Games, Sport and Activities was the contest of the mind. Rhetorical battles, riddle-solving, and formal logic debates were treated with the same competitive intensity as a wrestling match. These intellectual trials forced the rapid retrieval of data and the logical deconstruction of an opponent’s position, ensuring that the population remained intellectually agile and capable of complex social governance.

  • The Socratic Dialectic (Philosophical Combat)
  • Ancient Greek Riddle-Solving (The Sphinx Protocol)
  • Nordic Flyting (The Ritual Exchange of Insults)
  • Indian Shastra-Artha (Scholarly Debate)
  • Chinese Literary Examinations (The Game of Merit)
  • Egyptian Dream Interpretation Contests
  • Mayan Hieroglyphic Decoding Games
  • Hebrew Biblical Exegesis (Debate Logic)
  • Roman Oratory Competitions (Rhetorical Force)
  • African Oral History Recitation (Memory Sprints)
  • Aboriginal Songline Memorization Trials
  • Celtic Bardic Poetry Slams
  • Medieval Scholastic Disputations
  • Persian Poetry Recitation Contests
  • Tibetan Philosophical Debate (Logic of the Void)
  • Japanese Haiku Composition Games
  • Polynesian Genealogic Recitation Trials
  • Aztec Poetic Orations (Xochicuicatl)
  • Mesopotamian Proverb Completion Games
  • Ancient Memory Palace Navigation Drills
  • Cryptographic Puzzles of the Ancient World
  • The Art of Mnemonics (Memory Training)
  • Tactical Storytelling (Narrative Framing)
  • Speed-Calculation Contests (Abacus and Finger)
  • Strategic Silence and Listening Contests
  • Neural Longevity through Mental Play

Sources & Credits: the Ancient Games, Sports and Activities Section

Sources
  • Miller, S. G. (2004). Ancient Greek Athletics. Yale University Press.
  • Crowther, N. B. (2007). Sport in Ancient Times. Praeger.
  • Das, R. P. (2005). The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. [History of Indian Pole Gymnastics].
  • Nutton, V. (2004). Ancient Medicine. [Pediatric movement and health and wellness].
  • Scullard, H. H. (1981). Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic.
  • Poliakoff, M. B. (1987). Combat Sports in the Ancient World. Yale University Press.
  • Perrottet, T. (2004). The Naked Olympics. [Specifics on Olympic life and prep].
  • Porter, R. (1997). The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity. W. W. Norton.
  • Young, D. C. (2004). A Brief History of the Olympic Games. Blackwell.
  • Gardiner, E. N. (1930). Athletics of the Ancient World. Oxford University Press.
  • Swaddling, J. (1999). The Ancient Olympic Games. University of Texas Press.
  • Bell, R. C. (1979). Board and Table Games from Many Civilizations. Dover.
  • Finkel, I. L. (2007). Ancient Board Games in Perspective. British Museum Press.
  • Aveni, A. (1989). Empires of Time. [Calendar-based games and social mapping].

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